The centralized model of cloud computing is powerful, but it has one fundamental limitation: latency created by physical distance. It takes approximately 80ms for light to travel through fiber optics from Seoul to Virginia. This latency is a floor imposed by the laws of physics. For workloads requiring response times under 1ms—such as manufacturing line robot control, 5G autonomous driving, and real-time medical imaging analysis—the central cloud inherently hits its limits. Another constraint is regulation. In certain countries or industries, data must not physically leave a specific location. To address these two problems, AWS created three services: Outposts, Local Zones, and Wavelength